Notes

1. Martin Campbell-Kelly and William Aspray. Computer: A History of the Information Machine (Basic Books, 1996).

2. Paul E. Ceruzzi. A History of Modern Computing (MIT Press, 2000).

3. Brian Randell, ed., The Origins of Digital Computers: Selected Papers (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1982).

4. Saul Rosen. "Electronic Computers: A Historical Survey."  In Computing Surveys, Vol 1, No 1, March 1969.  Association for Computing Machinery.

5. Saul Rosen (Ed.).  Programming Systems and Languages.  McGraw Hill Series in Computer Science, 1967.

6. Robert F. Rosin. "Supervisory and Monitor Systems."  In Computing Surveys, Vol 1, No 1, March 1969.  Association for Computing Machinery.

7. Donald Knuth.  "The Early Development of Programming Languages."  In Metropolis, Howlett, and Rota, eds., History of Computing in the Twentieth Century, 239.

8. Jan Bakker, ed., "History of Software," http://www.thocp.net/software/software.htm (History of Computing Foundation, accessed 2004 Oct 27).