They show what IC's can do (2, 211-217)

Computing log and trig functions was beyond the hardware capability of most mainframes.

1960 early - Mechanical calculators (+  -  *  /  sq root)
-US - Friden, Marchant
-Europe - Odhner

1964 Wang LOCI
- electronic calculator with more functions
- $300 price undercuts mechanical calcs
- Wang 300, cheaper and easier to use
- Wang Laboratories founded by An Wang, worked with Aiken at Havard

Hewlett-Packard
-makes oscilloscopes, test equipment
- HP-9100A calculator, $5K

Olivetti (2, 212)
-Programma 101, $3.5K (accounting and statistics)

1970 calculators with IC's - cheaper and smaller (2, 213)
- $250 Bowmar Brain for 1971 Christmas
- under $50 by 1976

1972 $400 HP-35 does log and trig fcns.(2, 213)
- beginning of the end for the slide rule

Casio and Sharp take over the consumer market (2, 213)
-HP and TI stay in the business.

1974 $795 HP-65, first programmable.
-HP introduces it as a "personal computer",  perhaps first use of the term. (2, 213)

Pocket programmables (2, 214-216)
- make possible long production runs of components, reducing cost
- unleash a lot of personal creativity (25,000 HP-65's by 1976 owned by adult professionals)
- formation of user groups, clubs, publications
- fostered awareness and discussion of emerging compu
ters
 

1. Martin Campbell-Kelly and William Aspray. Computer: A History of the Information Machine (Basic Books, 1996).

2. Paul E. Ceruzzi. A History of Modern Computing (MIT Press, 2000).