Research Suggestions. Here are some initial suggestions for this period of time. You also are encouraged to explore beyond these.

Mathematics Logarithms Calculus Computing John Napier Napier's bones Henry Briggs William Oughtred Sliderule Wilhelm Schickard Blaise Pascal Gottfried Leibniz Logic

Applications Compound interest - with Babylonian logarithms! Mathematical tables Trajectories Planetary Motion Nicolaus Copernicus Galileo Galilei Johannes Kepler Isaac Newton Experimental Science Galileo Galilei Isaac Newton The Royal Society of London

William Aspray, ed., Computing Before Computers (Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press, 1990 ). Also available online at http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/DocumentArchive/Documents/Books/Computing Before Computers/CBC.html (Computer History Museum, accessed 2004 Aug 11).

Herman Goldstine. The Computer from Pascal to von Neumann (Princeton University Press, 1972).

Herbert Arthur Klein, The Science of Measurement: A Historical Survey (Dover Publications, 1974). This book is about the process of measuring various aspects of the physical world. It identifies many of the units of measure that would have been used in early computing.

Morris Kline, "A Historical Orientation," Chap. 2 in Mathematics for the Nonmathematician (Dover Publications, 1967).

Morris Kline, "The Mathematization of Science," Chap. 16 in Mathematical Thought from Ancient to Modern Times, vol. 1 (Oxford University Press, 1972).

Morris Kline, "The Mathematization of Science," Chap. 3 in Mathematics: The Loss of Certainty (Oxford University Press, 1980).

John J. O'Conner and Edmund F. Robertson, "The MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive," http://turnbull.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/ (School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St. Andrews, Scotland, accessed 2004 Aug 25).

"The Galileo Project," http://es.rice.edu/ES/humsoc/Galileo/ (Rice University, accessed 2004 Sep 1).